1 // Rust-101, Part 03: Input
2 // ========================
4 //@ In part 00, I promised that we would eventually replace `read_vec` by a function
5 //@ that actually asks the user to enter a bunch of numbers. Unfortunately,
6 //@ I/O is a complicated topic, so the code to do that is not exactly pretty - but well,
7 //@ let's get that behind us.
9 // I/O is provided by the module `std::io`, so we first have to import that with `use`.
10 // We also import the I/O *prelude*, which makes a bunch of commonly used I/O stuff
11 // directly available.
12 use std::io::prelude::*;
15 //@ Let's now go over this function line-by-line. First, we call the constructor of `Vec`
16 //@ to create an empty vector. As mentioned in the previous part, `new` here is just
17 //@ a static function with no special treatment. While it is possible to call `new`
18 //@ for a particular type (`Vec::<i32>::new()`), the common way to make sure we
19 //@ get the right type is to annotate a type at the *variable*. It is this variable
20 //@ that we interact with for the rest of the function, so having its type available
21 //@ (and visible!) is much more useful. Without knowing the return type of `Vec::new`,
22 //@ specifying its type parameter doesn't tell us all that much.
23 fn read_vec() -> Vec<i32> {
24 let mut vec: Vec<i32> = Vec::<i32>::new();
25 // The central handle to the standard input is made available by the function `io::stdin`.
26 let stdin = io::stdin();
27 println!("Enter a list of numbers, one per line. End with Ctrl-D (Linux) or Ctrl-Z (Windows).");
28 //@ We would now like to iterate over standard input line-by-line. We can use a `for` loop
29 //@ for that, but there is a catch: What happens if there is some other piece of code running
30 //@ concurrently, that also reads from standard input? The result would be a mess. Hence
31 //@ Rust requires us to `lock` standard input if we want to perform large operations on
32 //@ it. (See [the documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/io/struct.Stdin.html) for more
34 for line in stdin.lock().lines() {
35 // Rust's type for (dynamic, growable) strings is `String`. However, our variable `line`
36 // here is not yet of that type: It has type `io::Result<String>`.
37 //@ The problem with I/O is that it can always go wrong. The type of `line` is a lot like `Option<String>` ("a `String` or
38 //@ nothing"), but in the case of "nothing", there is additional information about the error.
39 //@ Again, I recommend to check [the documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/io/type.Result.html).
40 //@ You will see that `io::Result` is actually just an alias for `Result`, so click on that to obtain
41 //@ the list of all constructors and methods of the type.
43 //@ We will be lazy here and just assume that nothing goes wrong: `unwrap` returns the `String` if there is one,
44 //@ and panics the program otherwise. Since a `Result` carries some details about the error that occurred,
45 //@ there will be a somewhat reasonable error message. Still, you would not want a user to see such
46 //@ an error, so in a "real" program, we would have to do proper error handling.
47 //@ Can you find the documentation of `Result::unwrap`?
49 // I chose the same name (`line`) for the new variable to ensure that I will never, accidentally,
50 // access the "old" `line` again.
51 let line = line.unwrap();
52 // Now that we have our `String`, we want to make it an `i32`.
53 //@ We first `trim` the `line` to remove leading and trailing whitespace.
54 //@ `parse` is a method on `String` that can convert a string to anything. Try finding its documentation!
56 //@ In this case, Rust *could* figure out automatically that we need an `i32` (because of the return type
57 //@ of the function), but that's a bit too much magic for my taste. We are being more explicit here:
58 //@ `parse::<i32>` is `parse` with its generic type set to `i32`.
59 match line.trim().parse::<i32>() {
60 //@ `parse` returns again a `Result`, and this time we use a `match` to handle errors (like, the user entering
61 //@ something that is not a number).
62 //@ This is a common pattern in Rust: Operations that could go wrong will return `Option` or `Result`.
63 //@ The only way to get to the value we are interested in is through pattern matching (and through helper functions
64 //@ like `unwrap`). If we call a function that returns a `Result`, and throw the return value away,
65 //@ the compiler will emit a warning. It is hence impossible for us to *forget* handling an error,
66 //@ or to accidentally use a value that doesn't make any sense because there was an error producing it.
70 // We don't care about the particular error, so we ignore it with a `_`.
72 println!("What did I say about numbers?") /*@*/
80 //@ So much for `read_vec`. If there are any questions left, the documentation of the respective function
81 //@ should be very helpful. Try finding the one for `Vec::push`. I will not always provide the links,
82 //@ as the documentation is quite easy to navigate and you should get used to that.
84 // For the rest of the code, we just re-use part 02 by importing it with `use`.
85 //@ I already sneaked a bunch of `pub` in part 02 to make this possible: Only
86 //@ items declared public can be imported elsewhere.
87 use part02::{SomethingOrNothing,Something,Nothing,vec_min};
89 // If you update your `main.rs` to use part 03, `cargo run` should now ask you for some numbers,
90 // and tell you the minimum. Neat, isn't it?
93 let min = vec_min(vec); /*@*/
97 // **Exercise 03.1**: Define a trait `Print` to write a generic version of `SomethingOrNothing::print`.
98 // Implement that trait for `i32`, and change the code above to use it.
99 // I will again provide a skeleton for this solution. It also shows how to attach bounds to generic
100 // implementations (just compare it to the `impl` block from the previous exercise).
101 // You can read this as "For all types `T` satisfying the `Print` trait, I provide an implementation
102 // for `SomethingOrNothing<T>`".
104 // Notice that I called the function on `SomethingOrNothing` `print2` to disambiguate from the `print` defined previously.
106 // *Hint*: There is a macro `print!` for printing without appending a newline.
108 /* Add things here */
110 impl<T: Print> SomethingOrNothing<T> {
116 // **Exercise 03.2**: Building on exercise 02.2, implement all the things you need on `f32` to make your
117 // program work with floating-point numbers.
119 //@ [index](main.html) | [previous](part02.html) | [raw source](workspace/src/part03.rs) | [next](part04.html)