1 // Rust-101, Part 00: Algebraic datatypes
2 // ======================================
4 // As our first piece of Rust code, we want to write a function that computes the
5 // minimum of a list. We are going to make use of the standard library, so let's import that:
9 // Let us start by thinking about the *type* of our function. Rust forces us to give the types of
10 // all arguments, and the return type, before we even start writing the body. In the case of our minimum
11 // function, we may be inclined to say that it returns a number. But then we would be in trouble: What's
12 // the minimum of an empty list? The type of the function says we have to return *something*.
13 // We could just choose 0, but that would be kind of arbitrary. What we need
14 // is a type that is "a number, or nothing". Such a type (of multiple exclusive options)
15 // is called an "algebraic datatype", and Rust lets us define such types with the keyword `enum`.
16 // Coming from C(++), you can think of such a type as a `union`, together with a field that
17 // stores the variant of the union that's currently used.
19 enum NumberOrNothing {
24 // Notice that `i32` is the type of (signed, 32-bit) integers. To write down the type of
25 // the minimum function, we need just one more ingredient: `Vec<i32>` is the type of
26 // (growable) arrays of numbers, and we will use that as our list type.
27 // Observe how in Rust, the return type comes *after* the arguments.
29 fn vec_min(vec: Vec<i32>) -> NumberOrNothing {
30 // First, we need some variable to store the minimum as computed so far.
31 // Since we start out with nothing computed, this will again be a
32 // "number or nothing":
33 let mut min = NumberOrNothing::Nothing;
34 // We do not have to write a type next to `min`, Rust can figure that out automatically
35 // (a bit like `auto` in C++11). Also notice the `mut`: In Rust, variables are
36 // immutable per default, and you need to tell Rust if you want
37 // to change a variable later.
39 // Now we want to *iterate* over the list. Rust has some nice syntax for
42 // So `el` is al element of the list. We need to update `min` accordingly, but how do we get the current
43 // number in there? This is what pattern matching can do:
45 NumberOrNothing::Nothing => {
46 // In this case (*arm*) of the `match`, `min` is currently nothing, so let's just make it the number `el`.
47 min = NumberOrNothing::Number(el);
49 NumberOrNothing::Number(n) => {
50 // In this arm, `min` is currently the number `n`, so let's compute the new minimum and store it.
51 let new_min = std::cmp::min(n, el);
52 min = NumberOrNothing::Number(new_min);
56 // Finally, we return the result of the computation.
60 // Phew. We wrote our first Rust function! But all this `NumberOrNothing::` is getting kind of
61 // ugly. Can't we do that nicer? Indeed, we can: The following line tells Rust to take
62 // the constructors of `NumberOrNothing` into the local namespace:
63 use self::NumberOrNothing::{Number,Nothing};
64 // Try moving that above the function, and removing all the occurrences `NumberOrNothing::`.
66 // To call this function, we now just need a list. Of course, ultimately we want to ask the user for
67 // a list of numbers, but for now, let's just hard-code something:
69 fn read_vec() -> Vec<i32> {
71 // `vec!` is a *macro* (as you can tell from the `!`) that constructs a constant `Vec<_>` with the given
75 // Finally, let's call our functions and run the code!
76 // But, wait, we would like to actually see something, so we need to print the result.
77 // Of course Rust can print numbers, but after calling `vec_min`, we have a `NumberOrNothing`.
78 // So let's write a small helper function that prints such values.
80 fn print_number_or_nothing(n: NumberOrNothing) {
82 Nothing => println!("The number is: <nothing>"),
83 Number(n) => println!("The number is: {}", n),
84 // `println!` is again a macro, where the first argument is a *format string*. For
85 // now, you just need to know that `{}` is the placeholder for a value, and that Rust
86 // will check at compile-time that you supplied the right number of arguments.
90 // Putting it all together:
94 let min = vec_min(vec);
95 print_number_or_nothing(min);
98 // Now try `cargo run` on the console to run above code.
100 // Yay, it said "1"! That's actually the right answer. Okay, we could have
101 // computed that ourselves, but that's besides the point. More importantly:
102 // You completed the first part of the course.
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