1 // Rust-101, Part 00: Algebraic datatypes
2 // ======================================
4 // As our first piece of Rust code, we want to write a function that computes the
7 // We are going to make use of the standard library, so let's import that:
11 // Let us start by thinking about the *type* of our function. Rust forces us to give the types of
12 // all arguments, and the return type, before we even start writing the body. In the case of our minimum
13 // function, we may be inclined to say that it returns a number. But then we would be in trouble: What's
14 // the minimum of an empty list? The type of the function says we have to return *something*.
15 // We could just choose 0, but that would be kind of arbitrary. What we need
16 // is a type that is "a number, or nothing". Such a type (of multiple exclusive options)
17 // is called an "algebraic datatype", and Rust lets us define such types with the keyword `enum`.
18 // Coming from C(++), you can think of such a type as a `union`, together with a field that
19 // stores the variant of the union that's currently used.
21 // An `enum` for "a number or nothing" could look as follows:
22 enum NumberOrNothing {
26 // Notice that `i32` is the type of (signed, 32-bit) integers. To write down the type of
27 // the minimum function, we need just one more ingredient: `Vec<i32>` is the type of
28 // (growable) arrays of numbers, and we will use that as our list type.
30 // Observe how in Rust, the return type comes *after* the arguments.
31 fn vec_min(vec: Vec<i32>) -> NumberOrNothing {
32 // In the function, we first need some variable to store the minimum as computed so far.
33 // Since we start out with nothing computed, this will again be a
34 // "number or nothing":
35 let mut min = NumberOrNothing::Nothing;
36 // We do not have to write a type next to `min`, Rust can figure that out automatically
37 // (a bit like `auto` in C++11). Also notice the `mut`: In Rust, variables are
38 // immutable per default, and you need to tell Rust if you want
39 // to change a variable later.
41 // Now we want to *iterate* over the list. Rust has some nice syntax for
44 // So `el` is al element of the list. We need to update `min` accordingly, but how do we get the current
45 // number in there? This is what pattern matching can do:
47 // In this case (*arm*) of the `match`, `min` is currently nothing, so let's just make it the number `el`.
48 NumberOrNothing::Nothing => {
49 min = NumberOrNothing::Number(el);
51 // In this arm, `min` is currently the number `n`, so let's compute the new minimum and store it.
52 NumberOrNothing::Number(n) => {
53 let new_min = std::cmp::min(n, el);
54 min = NumberOrNothing::Number(new_min);
58 // Finally, we return the result of the computation.
62 // Phew. We wrote our first Rust function! But all this `NumberOrNothing::` is getting kind of
63 // ugly. Can't we do that nicer?
65 // Indeed, we can: The following line tells Rust to take
66 // the constructors of `NumberOrNothing` into the local namespace.
67 // Try moving that above the function, and removing all the occurrences `NumberOrNothing::`.
68 use self::NumberOrNothing::{Number,Nothing};
70 // To call this function, we now just need a list. Of course, ultimately we want to ask the user for
71 // a list of numbers, but for now, let's just hard-code something.
73 // `vec!` is a *macro* (as you can tell from the `!`) that constructs a constant `Vec<_>` with the given
75 fn read_vec() -> Vec<i32> {
79 // Finally, let's call our functions and run the code!
80 // But, wait, we would like to actually see something, so we need to print the result.
81 // Of course Rust can print numbers, but after calling `vec_min`, we have a `NumberOrNothing`.
82 // So let's write a small helper function that prints such values.
84 // `println!` is again a macro, where the first argument is a *format string*. For
85 // now, you just need to know that `{}` is the placeholder for a value, and that Rust
86 // will check at compile-time that you supplied the right number of arguments.
87 fn print_number_or_nothing(n: NumberOrNothing) {
89 Nothing => println!("The number is: <nothing>"),
90 Number(n) => println!("The number is: {}", n),
94 // Putting it all together:
97 let min = vec_min(vec);
98 print_number_or_nothing(min);
101 // Now try `cargo run` on the console to run above code.
103 // Yay, it said "1"! That's actually the right answer. Okay, we could have
104 // computed that ourselves, but that's besides the point. More importantly:
105 // You completed the first part of the course.
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