+
+// ## Traits and reference types
+//@ If you inspect the addition function above closely, you will notice that it actually consumes
+//@ ownership of both operands to produce the result. This is, of course, in general not what we
+//@ want. We'd rather like to be able to add two `&BigInt`.
+
+// Writing this out becomes a bit tedious, because trait implementations (unlike functions) require
+// full explicit annotation of lifetimes. Make sure you understand exactly what the following
+// definition says. Notice that we can implement a trait for a reference type!
+impl<'a, 'b> ops::Add<&'a BigInt> for &'b BigInt {
+ type Output = BigInt;
+ fn add(self, rhs: &'a BigInt) -> Self::Output {
+ // **Exercise 08.3**: Implement this function.
+ unimplemented!()
+ }
+}
+
+// **Exercise 08.4**: Implement the two missing combinations of arguments for `Add`. You should not
+// have to duplicate the implementation.
+
+// ## Modules
+//@ As you learned, tests can be written right in the middle of your development in Rust. However,
+//@ it is considered good style to bundle all tests together. This is particularly useful in cases
+//@ where you wrote utility functions for the tests, that no other code should use.
+
+// Rust calls a bunch of definitions that are grouped together a *module*. You can put the tests in
+// a submodule as follows.
+//@ The `cfg` attribute controls whether this module is even compiled: If we added some functions
+//@ that are useful for testing, Rust would not bother compiling them when you just build your
+//@ program for normal use. Other than that, tests work as usually.
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+ use part05::BigInt;
+
+ /*#[test]*/
+ fn test_add() {
+ let b1 = BigInt::new(1 << 32);
+ let b2 = BigInt::from_vec(vec![0, 1]);
+
+ assert_eq!(&b1 + &b2, BigInt::from_vec(vec![1 << 32, 1]));
+ // **Exercise 08.5**: Add some more cases to this test.
+ }
+}
+//@ As already mentioned, outside of the module, only those items declared public with `pub` may be
+//@ used. Submodules can access everything defined in their parents. Modules themselves are also
+//@ hidden from the outside per default, and can be made public with `pub`. When you use an
+//@ identifier (or, more general, a *path* like `mod1::submod::name`), it is interpreted as being
+//@ relative to the current module. So, for example, to access `overflowing_add` from within
+//@ `my_mod`, you would have to give a more explicit path by writing `super::overflowing_add`,
+//@ which tells Rust to look in the parent module.
+//@
+//@ You can make names from other modules available locally with `use`. Per default, `use` works
+//@ globally, so e.g. `use std;` imports the *global* name `std`. By adding `super::` or `self::`
+//@ to the beginning of the path, you make it relative to the parent or current module,
+//@ respectively. (You can also explicitly construct an absolute path by starting it with `::`,
+//@ e.g., `::std::cmp::min`). You can say `pub use path;` to simultaneously *import* names and make
+//@ them publicly available to others. Finally, you can import all public items of a module at once
+//@ with `use module::*;`.
+//@
+//@ Modules can be put into separate files with the syntax `mod name;`. To explain this, let me
+//@ take a small detour through the Rust compilation process. Cargo starts by invoking`rustc` on
+//@ the file `src/lib.rs` or `src/main.rs`, depending on whether you compile an application or a
+//@ library. When `rustc` encounters a `mod name;`, it looks for the files `name.rs` and
+//@ `name/mod.rs` and goes on compiling there. (It is an error for both of them to exist.)
+//@ You can think of the contents of the file being embedded at this place. However, only the file
+//@ where compilation started, and files `name/mod.rs` can load modules from other files. This
+//@ ensures that the directory structure mirrors the structure of the modules, with `mod.rs`,
+//@ `lib.rs` and `main.rs` representing a directory or crate itself (similar to, e.g.,
+//@ `__init__.py` in Python).
+
+// **Exercise 08.6**: Write a subtraction function, and testcases for it. Decide for yourself how
+// you want to handle negative results. For example, you may want to return an `Option`, to panic,
+// or to return `0`.
+
+//@ [index](main.html) | [previous](part07.html) | [raw source](workspace/src/part08.rs) |
+//@ [next](part09.html)