Merge pull request #28 from NanXiao/patch-1

[rust-101.git] / src / part05.rs

diff --git a/src/part05.rs b/src/part05.rs
index 7324d13361111109ab482ee3b82d43051b7ee5b4..49e57db0704e9bfa4c2bcb537a2fd431fd5d4ec4 100644 (file)
--- a/src/part05.rs
+++ b/src/part05.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 //@ `data` public - otherwise, the next parts of this course could not work on `BigInt`s. Of course, in a
 //@ real program, one would make the field private to ensure that the invariant (no trailing zeros) is maintained.
 pub struct BigInt {
 //@ `data` public - otherwise, the next parts of this course could not work on `BigInt`s. Of course, in a
 //@ real program, one would make the field private to ensure that the invariant (no trailing zeros) is maintained.
 pub struct BigInt {

-    pub data: Vec<u64>,
+    pub data: Vec<u64>, // least significant digit first, no trailing zeros

 }
 
 // Now that we fixed the data representation, we can start implementing methods on it.
 }
 
 // Now that we fixed the data representation, we can start implementing methods on it.


@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl BigInt {
     //@ fields and initial values assigned to them.
     pub fn new(x: u64) -> Self {
         if x == 0 {
     //@ fields and initial values assigned to them.
     pub fn new(x: u64) -> Self {
         if x == 0 {

-            BigInt { data: vec![] }
+            BigInt { data: vec![] }                                 /*@*/

         } else {
             BigInt { data: vec![x] }                                /*@*/
         }
         } else {
             BigInt { data: vec![x] }                                /*@*/
         }


@@ -47,30 +47,32 @@ impl BigInt {
         }
     }
 
         }
     }
 

-    // We can convert any vector of digits into a number, by removing trailing zeros. The `mut`
-    // declaration for `v` here is just like the one in `let mut ...`, it says that we will locally
-    // change the vector `v`.
+    // We can convert any little-endian vector of digits (i.e., least-significant digit first) into a number,
+    // by removing trailing zeros. The `mut` declaration for `v` here is just like the one in `let mut ...`:
+    // We completely own `v`, but Rust still asks us to make our intention of modifying it explicit. This
+    // `mut` is *not* part of the type of `from_vec` - the caller has to give up ownership of `v` anyway, so
+    // they don't care anymore what you do to it.

     // 
     // **Exercise 05.1**: Implement this function.
     // 
     // 
     // **Exercise 05.1**: Implement this function.
     // 

-    // *Hint*: You can use `pop()` to remove the last element of a vector.
+    // *Hint*: You can use `pop` to remove the last element of a vector.

     pub fn from_vec(mut v: Vec<u64>) -> Self {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }
 
 // ## Cloning
     pub fn from_vec(mut v: Vec<u64>) -> Self {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }
 
 // ## Cloning

-//@ If you have a close look at the type of `BigInt::from_vec`, you will notice that it
-//@ consumes the vector `v`. The caller hence loses access to its vector. There is however something
+//@ If you take a close look at the type of `BigInt::from_vec`, you will notice that it
+//@ consumes the vector `v`. The caller hence loses access to its vector. However, there is something

 //@ we can do if we don't want that to happen: We can explicitly `clone` the vector,
 //@ which means that a full (or *deep*) copy will be performed. Technically,
 //@ we can do if we don't want that to happen: We can explicitly `clone` the vector,
 //@ which means that a full (or *deep*) copy will be performed. Technically,

-//@ `clone` takes a borrowed vector, and returns a fully owned one.
+//@ `clone` takes a borrowed vector in the form of a shared reference, and returns a fully owned one.

 fn clone_demo() {
     let v = vec![0,1 << 16];
     let b1 = BigInt::from_vec((&v).clone());
     let b2 = BigInt::from_vec(v);
 }
 fn clone_demo() {
     let v = vec![0,1 << 16];
     let b1 = BigInt::from_vec((&v).clone());
     let b2 = BigInt::from_vec(v);
 }

-//@ Rust has special treatment for methods that borrow its `self` argument (like `clone`, or
+//@ Rust has special treatment for methods that borrow their `self` argument (like `clone`, or

 //@ like `test_invariant` above): It is not necessary to explicitly borrow the receiver of the
 //@ method. Hence you could replace `(&v).clone()` by `v.clone()` above. Just try it!
 
 //@ like `test_invariant` above): It is not necessary to explicitly borrow the receiver of the
 //@ method. Hence you could replace `(&v).clone()` by `v.clone()` above. Just try it!
 


@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ impl<T: Clone> Clone for SomethingOrNothing<T> {
         match *self {                                               /*@*/
             Nothing => Nothing,                                     /*@*/
             //@ In the second arm of the match, we need to talk about the value `v`
         match *self {                                               /*@*/
             Nothing => Nothing,                                     /*@*/
             //@ In the second arm of the match, we need to talk about the value `v`

-            //@ that's stored in `self`. However, if we would write the pattern as
+            //@ that's stored in `self`. However, if we were to write the pattern as

             //@ `Something(v)`, that would indicate that we *own* `v` in the code
             //@ after the arrow. That can't work though, we have to leave `v` owned by
             //@ whoever called us - after all, we don't even own `self`, we just borrowed it.
             //@ `Something(v)`, that would indicate that we *own* `v` in the code
             //@ after the arrow. That can't work though, we have to leave `v` owned by
             //@ whoever called us - after all, we don't even own `self`, we just borrowed it.


@@ -111,18 +113,18 @@ impl<T: Clone> Clone for SomethingOrNothing<T> {
 //@ `#[derive(Clone)]` right before the definition of `SomethingOrNothing`.
 
 // **Exercise 05.2**: Write some more functions on `BigInt`. What about a function that returns the number of
 //@ `#[derive(Clone)]` right before the definition of `SomethingOrNothing`.
 
 // **Exercise 05.2**: Write some more functions on `BigInt`. What about a function that returns the number of

-// digits? The number of non-zero digits? The smallest/largest digit?
+// digits? The number of non-zero digits? The smallest/largest digit? Of course, these should all take `self` as a shared reference (i.e., in borrowed form).

 
 // ## Mutation + aliasing considered harmful (part 2)
 
 // ## Mutation + aliasing considered harmful (part 2)

-//@ Now that we know how to borrow a part of an `enum` (like `v` above), there's another example for why we
+//@ Now that we know how to create references to contents of an `enum` (like `v` above), there's another example we can look at for why we

 //@ have to rule out mutation in the presence of aliasing. First, we define an `enum` that can hold either
 //@ a number, or a string.
 enum Variant {
     Number(i32),
     Text(String),
 }
 //@ have to rule out mutation in the presence of aliasing. First, we define an `enum` that can hold either
 //@ a number, or a string.
 enum Variant {
     Number(i32),
     Text(String),
 }

-//@ Now consider the following piece of code. Like above, `n` will be a borrow of a part of `var`,
-//@ and since we wrote `ref mut`, the borrow will be mutable. In other words, right after the match, `ptr`
+//@ Now consider the following piece of code. Like above, `n` will be a reference to a part of `var`,
+//@ and since we wrote `ref mut`, the reference will be unique and mutable. In other words, right after the match, `ptr`

 //@ points to the number that's stored in `var`, where `var` is a `Number`. Remember that `_` means
 //@ "we don't care".
 fn work_on_variant(mut var: Variant, text: String) {
 //@ points to the number that's stored in `var`, where `var` is a `Number`. Remember that `_` means
 //@ "we don't care".
 fn work_on_variant(mut var: Variant, text: String) {


@@ -145,4 +147,4 @@ fn work_on_variant(mut var: Variant, text: String) {
 //@ I hope this example clarifies why Rust has to rule out mutation in the presence of aliasing *in general*,
 //@ not just for the specific case of a buffer being reallocated, and old pointers becoming hence invalid.
 
 //@ I hope this example clarifies why Rust has to rule out mutation in the presence of aliasing *in general*,
 //@ not just for the specific case of a buffer being reallocated, and old pointers becoming hence invalid.
 

-//@ [index](main.html) | [previous](part04.html) | [next](part06.html)
+//@ [index](main.html) | [previous](part04.html) | [raw source](workspace/src/part05.rs) | [next](part06.html)