update the Cargo.lock files

[rust-101.git] / src / part05.rs

diff --git a/src/part05.rs b/src/part05.rs
index 72c787d00c7ef7c518f4fb1b7e5ff700b8f8eed0..784440cde25acc9093b681eacaa93c2880cc3af0 100644 (file)
--- a/src/part05.rs
+++ b/src/part05.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 //@ to use a vector "digits" of the number. This is like "1337" being a vector of four digits (1, 3, 3, 7),
 //@ except that we will use `u64` as type of our digits, meaning we have 2^64 individual digits. Now we just
 //@ have to decide the order in which we store numbers. I decided that we will store the least significant
 //@ to use a vector "digits" of the number. This is like "1337" being a vector of four digits (1, 3, 3, 7),
 //@ except that we will use `u64` as type of our digits, meaning we have 2^64 individual digits. Now we just
 //@ have to decide the order in which we store numbers. I decided that we will store the least significant

-//@ digit first. This means that "1337" would actually become (7, 3, 3, 1).<br/>
+//@ digit first. This means that "1337" would actually become (7, 3, 3, 1). <br/>

 //@ Finally, we declare that there must not be any trailing zeros (corresponding to
 //@ useless leading zeros in our usual way of writing numbers). This is to ensure that
 //@ the same number can only be stored in one way.
 //@ Finally, we declare that there must not be any trailing zeros (corresponding to
 //@ useless leading zeros in our usual way of writing numbers). This is to ensure that
 //@ the same number can only be stored in one way.


@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 //@ `data` public - otherwise, the next parts of this course could not work on `BigInt`s. Of course, in a
 //@ real program, one would make the field private to ensure that the invariant (no trailing zeros) is maintained.
 pub struct BigInt {
 //@ `data` public - otherwise, the next parts of this course could not work on `BigInt`s. Of course, in a
 //@ real program, one would make the field private to ensure that the invariant (no trailing zeros) is maintained.
 pub struct BigInt {

-    pub data: Vec<u64>,
+    pub data: Vec<u64>, // least significant digit first, no trailing zeros

 }
 
 // Now that we fixed the data representation, we can start implementing methods on it.
 }
 
 // Now that we fixed the data representation, we can start implementing methods on it.


@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl BigInt {
     //@ fields and initial values assigned to them.
     pub fn new(x: u64) -> Self {
         if x == 0 {
     //@ fields and initial values assigned to them.
     pub fn new(x: u64) -> Self {
         if x == 0 {

-            BigInt { data: vec![] }
+            BigInt { data: vec![] }                                 /*@*/

         } else {
             BigInt { data: vec![x] }                                /*@*/
         }
         } else {
             BigInt { data: vec![x] }                                /*@*/
         }


@@ -48,29 +48,31 @@ impl BigInt {
     }
 
     // We can convert any vector of digits into a number, by removing trailing zeros. The `mut`
     }
 
     // We can convert any vector of digits into a number, by removing trailing zeros. The `mut`

-    // declaration for `v` here is just like the one in `let mut ...`, it says that we will locally
-    // change the vector `v`.
+    // declaration for `v` here is just like the one in `let mut ...`: We completely own `v`, but Rust
+    // still asks us to make our intention of modifying it explicit. This `mut` is *not* part of the
+    // type of `from_vec` - the caller has to give up ownership of `v` anyway, so they don't care anymore
+    // what you do to it.

     // 
     // **Exercise 05.1**: Implement this function.
     // 
     // 
     // **Exercise 05.1**: Implement this function.
     // 

-    // *Hint*: You can use `pop()` to remove the last element of a vector.
+    // *Hint*: You can use `pop` to remove the last element of a vector.

     pub fn from_vec(mut v: Vec<u64>) -> Self {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }
 
 // ## Cloning
     pub fn from_vec(mut v: Vec<u64>) -> Self {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }
 
 // ## Cloning

-//@ If you have a close look at the type of `BigInt::from_vec`, you will notice that it
-//@ consumes the vector `v`. The caller hence loses access to its vector. There is however something
+//@ If you take a close look at the type of `BigInt::from_vec`, you will notice that it
+//@ consumes the vector `v`. The caller hence loses access to its vector. However, there is something

 //@ we can do if we don't want that to happen: We can explicitly `clone` the vector,
 //@ which means that a full (or *deep*) copy will be performed. Technically,
 //@ we can do if we don't want that to happen: We can explicitly `clone` the vector,
 //@ which means that a full (or *deep*) copy will be performed. Technically,

-//@ `clone` takes a borrowed vector, and returns a fully owned one.
+//@ `clone` takes a borrowed vector in the form of a shared reference, and returns a fully owned one.

 fn clone_demo() {
     let v = vec![0,1 << 16];
     let b1 = BigInt::from_vec((&v).clone());
     let b2 = BigInt::from_vec(v);
 }
 fn clone_demo() {
     let v = vec![0,1 << 16];
     let b1 = BigInt::from_vec((&v).clone());
     let b2 = BigInt::from_vec(v);
 }

-//@ Rust has special treatment for methods that borrow its `self` argument (like `clone`, or
+//@ Rust has special treatment for methods that borrow their `self` argument (like `clone`, or

 //@ like `test_invariant` above): It is not necessary to explicitly borrow the receiver of the
 //@ method. Hence you could replace `(&v).clone()` by `v.clone()` above. Just try it!
 
 //@ like `test_invariant` above): It is not necessary to explicitly borrow the receiver of the
 //@ method. Hence you could replace `(&v).clone()` by `v.clone()` above. Just try it!
 


@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ impl<T: Clone> Clone for SomethingOrNothing<T> {
         match *self {                                               /*@*/
             Nothing => Nothing,                                     /*@*/
             //@ In the second arm of the match, we need to talk about the value `v`
         match *self {                                               /*@*/
             Nothing => Nothing,                                     /*@*/
             //@ In the second arm of the match, we need to talk about the value `v`

-            //@ that's stored in `self`. However, if we would write the pattern as
+            //@ that's stored in `self`. However, if we were to write the pattern as

             //@ `Something(v)`, that would indicate that we *own* `v` in the code
             //@ after the arrow. That can't work though, we have to leave `v` owned by
             //@ whoever called us - after all, we don't even own `self`, we just borrowed it.
             //@ `Something(v)`, that would indicate that we *own* `v` in the code
             //@ after the arrow. That can't work though, we have to leave `v` owned by
             //@ whoever called us - after all, we don't even own `self`, we just borrowed it.


@@ -111,18 +113,18 @@ impl<T: Clone> Clone for SomethingOrNothing<T> {
 //@ `#[derive(Clone)]` right before the definition of `SomethingOrNothing`.
 
 // **Exercise 05.2**: Write some more functions on `BigInt`. What about a function that returns the number of
 //@ `#[derive(Clone)]` right before the definition of `SomethingOrNothing`.
 
 // **Exercise 05.2**: Write some more functions on `BigInt`. What about a function that returns the number of

-// digits? The number of non-zero digits? The smallest/largest digit?
+// digits? The number of non-zero digits? The smallest/largest digit? Of course, these should all take `self` as a shared reference (i.e., in borrowed form).

 
 // ## Mutation + aliasing considered harmful (part 2)
 
 // ## Mutation + aliasing considered harmful (part 2)

-//@ Now that we know how to borrow a part of an `enum` (like `v` above), there's another example for why we
+//@ Now that we know how to create references to contents of an `enum` (like `v` above), there's another example we can look at for why we

 //@ have to rule out mutation in the presence of aliasing. First, we define an `enum` that can hold either
 //@ a number, or a string.
 enum Variant {
     Number(i32),
     Text(String),
 }
 //@ have to rule out mutation in the presence of aliasing. First, we define an `enum` that can hold either
 //@ a number, or a string.
 enum Variant {
     Number(i32),
     Text(String),
 }

-//@ Now consider the following piece of code. Like above, `n` will be a borrow of a part of `var`,
-//@ and since we wrote `ref mut`, the borrow will be mutable. In other words, right after the match, `ptr`
+//@ Now consider the following piece of code. Like above, `n` will be a reference to a part of `var`,
+//@ and since we wrote `ref mut`, the reference will be uniqie and mutable. In other words, right after the match, `ptr`

 //@ points to the number that's stored in `var`, where `var` is a `Number`. Remember that `_` means
 //@ "we don't care".
 fn work_on_variant(mut var: Variant, text: String) {
 //@ points to the number that's stored in `var`, where `var` is a `Number`. Remember that `_` means
 //@ "we don't care".
 fn work_on_variant(mut var: Variant, text: String) {


@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ fn work_on_variant(mut var: Variant, text: String) {
         Variant::Number(ref mut n) => ptr = n,
         Variant::Text(_) => return,
     }
         Variant::Number(ref mut n) => ptr = n,
         Variant::Text(_) => return,
     }

-    /* var = Variant::Text(text); */
+    /* var = Variant::Text(text); */                                /* BAD! */

     *ptr = 1337;
 }
 //@ Now, imagine what would happen if we were permitted to also mutate `var`. We could, for example,
     *ptr = 1337;
 }
 //@ Now, imagine what would happen if we were permitted to also mutate `var`. We could, for example,


@@ -145,4 +147,4 @@ fn work_on_variant(mut var: Variant, text: String) {
 //@ I hope this example clarifies why Rust has to rule out mutation in the presence of aliasing *in general*,
 //@ not just for the specific case of a buffer being reallocated, and old pointers becoming hence invalid.
 
 //@ I hope this example clarifies why Rust has to rule out mutation in the presence of aliasing *in general*,
 //@ not just for the specific case of a buffer being reallocated, and old pointers becoming hence invalid.
 

-//@ [index](main.html) | [previous](part04.html) | [next](part06.html)
+//@ [index](main.html) | [previous](part04.html) | [raw source](https://www.ralfj.de/git/rust-101.git/blob_plain/HEAD:/workspace/src/part05.rs) | [next](part06.html)