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[web.git] / personal / _posts / 2016-01-09-the-scope-of-unsafe.md

diff --git a/personal/_posts/2016-01-09-the-scope-of-unsafe.md b/personal/_posts/2016-01-09-the-scope-of-unsafe.md
index 403d6b3eab6c6e0f7e477e3a1998666d721334ad..967b4a3e1b907d590bb661117b79488b1cda3f91 100644 (file)
--- a/personal/_posts/2016-01-09-the-scope-of-unsafe.md
+++ b/personal/_posts/2016-01-09-the-scope-of-unsafe.md
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 title: The Scope of Unsafe
 categories: research rust
 reddit: /rust/comments/4065l2/the_scope_of_unsafe/
 title: The Scope of Unsafe
 categories: research rust
 reddit: /rust/comments/4065l2/the_scope_of_unsafe/

+license: CC BY-SA 4.0
+license-url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

 ---
 
 I'd like to talk about an important aspect of dealing with unsafe code, that still regularly seems to catch people on the wrong foot:
 ---
 
 I'd like to talk about an important aspect of dealing with unsafe code, that still regularly seems to catch people on the wrong foot:


@@ -11,9 +13,11 @@ I'd like to talk about an important aspect of dealing with unsafe code, that sti
 The "scope" in the title refers to the extent of the code that has to be manually checked for correctness, once `unsafe` is used.
 What I am saying is that the scope of `unsafe` is larger than the `unsafe` block itself.
 
 The "scope" in the title refers to the extent of the code that has to be manually checked for correctness, once `unsafe` is used.
 What I am saying is that the scope of `unsafe` is larger than the `unsafe` block itself.
 

-It turns out that the underlying reason for this observation is also a nice illustration for the concept of *semantic types* that comes up in my [work on formalizing Rust]({{ site.baseurl }}{% post_url 2015-10-12-formalizing-rust %}) (or rather, its type system).
+It turns out that the underlying reason for this observation is also a nice illustration for the concept of *semantic types* that comes up in my [work on formalizing Rust]({% post_url 2015-10-12-formalizing-rust %}) (or rather, its type system).

 Finally, this discussion will once again lead us to realize that we rely on our type systems to provide much more than just type safety.
 
 Finally, this discussion will once again lead us to realize that we rely on our type systems to provide much more than just type safety.
 

+**Update (2016-01-11):** Clarified the role of privacy; argued why `evil` is the problem.
+

 <!-- MORE -->
 
 ## An Example
 <!-- MORE -->
 
 ## An Example


@@ -49,7 +53,7 @@ Oops!
 
 So, this example clearly shows that to evaluate the safety of types like `Vec`, we have to look at *every single function* provided by that data structure, even if it does not contain any `unsafe` code.
 
 
 So, this example clearly shows that to evaluate the safety of types like `Vec`, we have to look at *every single function* provided by that data structure, even if it does not contain any `unsafe` code.
 

-## The reason why
+## The Reason Why

 
 Why is it the case that a safe function can break `Vec`?
 How can we even say that it is the safe function which is at fault, rather than some piece of `unsafe` code elsewhere in `Vec`?
 
 Why is it the case that a safe function can break `Vec`?
 How can we even say that it is the safe function which is at fault, rather than some piece of `unsafe` code elsewhere in `Vec`?


@@ -60,13 +64,19 @@ More precisely speaking, `ptr` points to an array of type `T` and size `cap`, of
 The function `evil` above violates this invariant, while all the functions actually provided by `Vec` (including the ones that are implemented unsafely) preserve the invariant.
 That's why `evil` is the bad guy. (The name kind of gave it away, didn't it?)
 
 The function `evil` above violates this invariant, while all the functions actually provided by `Vec` (including the ones that are implemented unsafely) preserve the invariant.
 That's why `evil` is the bad guy. (The name kind of gave it away, didn't it?)
 

+Some will disagree here and say: "Wait, but there is some `unsafe` code in `Vec`, and without that `unsafe` code `evil` would be all right, so isn't the problem actually that `unsafe` code?"
+This observation is correct, however I don't think this position is useful in practice.
+`Vec` with `evil` clearly is a faulty data structure, and to fix the bug, we would remove `evil`.
+We would never even think about changing the `unsafe` code such that `evil` would be okay, that would defeat the entire purpose of `Vec`.
+In that sense, it is `evil` which is the problem, and not the `unsafe` code.
+

 This may seem obvious in hindsight (and it is also [discussed in the Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nomicon/working-with-unsafe.html)), but I think it is actually fairly subtle.
 There used to be claims on the interwebs that "if a Rust program crashes, the bug must be in some `unsafe` block". (And there probably still are.)
 Even academic researchers working on Rust got this wrong, arguing that in order to detect bugs in data structures like `Vec` it suffices to check functions involving unsafe code.
 That's why I think it's worth dedicating an entire blog post to this point.
 But we are not done yet, we can actually use this observation to learn more about types and type systems.
 
 This may seem obvious in hindsight (and it is also [discussed in the Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nomicon/working-with-unsafe.html)), but I think it is actually fairly subtle.
 There used to be claims on the interwebs that "if a Rust program crashes, the bug must be in some `unsafe` block". (And there probably still are.)
 Even academic researchers working on Rust got this wrong, arguing that in order to detect bugs in data structures like `Vec` it suffices to check functions involving unsafe code.
 That's why I think it's worth dedicating an entire blog post to this point.
 But we are not done yet, we can actually use this observation to learn more about types and type systems.
 

-## The semantic perspective
+## The Semantic Perspective

 
 There is another way to phrase the intuition of types having additional invariants:
 
 
 There is another way to phrase the intuition of types having additional invariants:
 


@@ -93,7 +103,7 @@ The two types are *syntactically* equal, and the same goes for the two `evil` fu
 Still, `MyType::evil` is a perfectly benign function (despite its name).
 How can this be?
 
 Still, `MyType::evil` is a perfectly benign function (despite its name).
 How can this be?
 

-Remember that in a [previous blog post]({{ site.baseurl }}{% post_url 2015-10-12-formalizing-rust %}), I argued that types have a *semantic* aspect.
+Remember that in a [previous blog post]({% post_url 2015-10-12-formalizing-rust %}), I argued that types have a *semantic* aspect.

 For example, a function is semantically well-typed if it *behaves* properly on all valid arguments, independently of how, *syntactically*, the function body has been written down.
 
 The reason for `MyType::evil` being fine, while `Vec::evil` is bad, is that semantically speaking, `Vec` is very different from `MyType` -- even though they look so similar.
 For example, a function is semantically well-typed if it *behaves* properly on all valid arguments, independently of how, *syntactically*, the function body has been written down.
 
 The reason for `MyType::evil` being fine, while `Vec::evil` is bad, is that semantically speaking, `Vec` is very different from `MyType` -- even though they look so similar.


@@ -121,7 +131,7 @@ This is just as bad as a function assigning `*f = 42u32` to a `f: &mut f32`.
 The difference between `Vec` and `MyType` is no less significant than the difference between `f32` and `u32`.
 It's just that the compiler has been specifically taught about `f32`, while it doesn't know enough about the semantics of `Vec`.
 
 The difference between `Vec` and `MyType` is no less significant than the difference between `f32` and `u32`.
 It's just that the compiler has been specifically taught about `f32`, while it doesn't know enough about the semantics of `Vec`.
 

-## The actual scope of unsafe
+## The Actual Scope of Unsafe

 
 At this point, you may be slightly worried about the safety of the Rust ecosystem.
 I just spent two sections arguing that the Rust compiler actually doesn't know what it is doing when it comes to checking functions that work on `Vec`.
 
 At this point, you may be slightly worried about the safety of the Rust ecosystem.
 I just spent two sections arguing that the Rust compiler actually doesn't know what it is doing when it comes to checking functions that work on `Vec`.


@@ -149,7 +159,7 @@ There would actually be *no bound to the scope of `unsafe`*.
 To formally establish safety, one would have to literally go over the entire program and prove that it doesn't misuse `Vec`.
 The safety promise of Rust would be pretty much useless.
 
 To formally establish safety, one would have to literally go over the entire program and prove that it doesn't misuse `Vec`.
 The safety promise of Rust would be pretty much useless.
 

-This should not be entirely surprising if you read the aforementioned [post about formalizing Rust's type system]({{ site.baseurl }}{% post_url 2015-10-12-formalizing-rust %}), where I already argued that a proof of (syntactic) type safety does not help to justify safety of most Rust programs out there.
+This should not be entirely surprising if you read the aforementioned [post about formalizing Rust's type system]({% post_url 2015-10-12-formalizing-rust %}), where I already argued that a proof of (syntactic) type safety does not help to justify safety of most Rust programs out there.

 I am now making a similar point, coming from a different angle.
 
 The fact that Rust programmers *can* use `Vec` and many other types without much care is a property of the type system that is independent of type safety.
 I am now making a similar point, coming from a different angle.
 
 The fact that Rust programmers *can* use `Vec` and many other types without much care is a property of the type system that is independent of type safety.