---
title: "Exponential blowup when using unbundled typeclasses to model algebraic hierarchies"
categories: research coq
+forum: https://coq.discourse.group/t/blog-post-exponential-blowup-when-using-unbundled-typeclasses-to-model-algebraic-hierarchies/289
---
-When formalizing a proof in an interactive theorem prover like [Coq](https://coq.inria.fr/), one reoccuring issue is the handling of algebraic hierarchies.
+When formalizing a proof in an interactive theorem prover like [Coq](https://coq.inria.fr/), one reoccurring issue is the handling of algebraic hierarchies.
Such hierarchies are everywhere: some operations are associative, while others commute; some types have an equivalence relation, while others also have a (pre-)order or maybe even a well-ordering; and so on.
So the question arises: What is the best way to actually encode these hierarchies in Coq?
-Coq offers two mechanism that are suited to solve this task: typeclasses and canonical structures.
+Coq offers two mechanisms that are suited to solve this task: typeclasses and canonical structures.
Both can be instrumented in different ways to obtain a (more or less) convenient-to-use algebraic hierarchy.
A common approach using typeclasses is the ["unbundled" approach by Bas Spitters and Eelis van der Weegen](http://www.eelis.net/research/math-classes/mscs.pdf).
However as we learned the hard way in the Coq formalization of the [original Iris paper](https://iris-project.org/pdfs/2015-popl-iris1-final.pdf), this approach quickly leads to terms that seem to be exponential in size.
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-I should note that this observation is not new, it already occurs in [François Garillot's PhD thesis](https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00649586).
-The goal of this post is to provide a more self-contained presentation, not requiring all the context set up in that thesis.
+I should note that this observation is not new, it already occurs in [François Garillot's PhD thesis](https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00649586) and even the authors of the "unbundled" paper already note having performance problems when scaling up.
+The goal of this post is to provide a more self-contained presentation, not requiring all the context set up in that thesis and going into more details than the brief remark in the original paper.
## Unbundled groups