1 // Rust-101, Part 03: Input
2 // ========================
4 //@ In part 00, I promised that we would eventually replace `read_vec` by a function
5 //@ that actually asks the user to enter a bunch of numbers. Unfortunately,
6 //@ I/O is a complicated topic, so the code to do that is not exactly pretty - but well,
7 //@ let's get that behind us.
9 // I/O is provided by the module `std::io`, so we first have to import that with `use`.
10 // We also import the I/O *prelude*, which makes a bunch of commonly used I/O stuff
11 // directly available.
12 use std::io::prelude::*;
15 //@ Let's now go over this function line-by-line. First, we call the constructor of `Vec`
16 //@ to create an empty vector. As mentioned in the previous part, `new` here is just
17 //@ a static function with no special treatment. While it is possible to call `new`
18 //@ for a particular type (`Vec::<i32>::new()`), the common way to make sure we
19 //@ get the right type is to annotate a type at the *variable*. It is this variable
20 //@ that we interact with for the rest of the function, so having its type available
21 //@ (and visible!) is much more useful. Without knowing the return type of `Vec::new`,
22 //@ specifying its type parameter doesn't tell us all that much.
23 fn read_vec() -> Vec<i32> {
24 let mut vec: Vec<i32> = Vec::<i32>::new();
25 // The central handle to the standard input is made available by the function `io::stdin`.
26 let stdin = io::stdin();
27 println!("Enter a list of numbers, one per line. End with Ctrl-D (Linux) or Ctrl-Z (Windows).");
28 //@ We would now like to iterate over standard input line-by-line. We can use a `for` loop
29 //@ for that, but there is a catch: What happens if there is some other piece of code running
30 //@ concurrently, that also reads from standard input? The result would be a mess. Hence
31 //@ Rust requires us to `lock` standard input if we want to perform large operations on
32 //@ it. (See [the documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/io/struct.Stdin.html) for
34 for line in stdin.lock().lines() {
35 // Rust's type for (dynamic, growable) strings is `String`. However, our variable `line`
36 // here is not yet of that type: It has type `io::Result<String>`.
37 //@ The problem with I/O is that it can always go wrong. The type of `line` is a lot like
38 //@ `Option<String>` ("a `String` or nothing"), but in the case of "nothing", there is
39 //@ additional information about the error. Again, I recommend to check
40 //@ [the documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/io/type.Result.html). You will
41 //@ see that `io::Result` is actually just an alias for `Result`, so click on that to obtain
42 //@ the list of all constructors and methods of the type.
44 //@ We will be lazy here and just assume that nothing goes wrong: `unwrap` returns the
45 //@ `String` if there is one, and panics the program otherwise. Since a `Result` carries
46 //@ some details about the error that occurred, there will be a somewhat reasonable error
47 //@ message. Still, you would not want a user to see such an error, so in a "real" program,
48 //@ we would have to do proper error handling.
49 //@ Can you find the documentation of `Result::unwrap`?
51 // I chose the same name (`line`) for the new variable to ensure that I will never,
52 // accidentally, access the "old" `line` again.
53 let line = line.unwrap();
54 // Now that we have our `String`, we want to make it an `i32`.
55 //@ We first `trim` the `line` to remove leading and trailing whitespace.
56 //@ `parse` is a method on `String` that can convert a string to anything. Try finding its
59 //@ In this case, Rust *could* figure out automatically that we need an `i32` (because of
60 //@ the return type of the function), but that's a bit too much magic for my taste. We are
61 //@ being more explicit here: `parse::<i32>` is `parse` with its generic type set to `i32`.
62 match line.trim().parse::<i32>() {
63 //@ `parse` returns again a `Result`, and this time we use a `match` to handle errors
64 //@ (like, the user entering something that is not a number).
65 //@ This is a common pattern in Rust: Operations that could go wrong will return
66 //@ `Option` or `Result`. The only way to get to the value we are interested in is
67 //@ through pattern matching (and through helper functions like `unwrap`). If we call
68 //@ a function that returns a `Result`, and throw the return value away, the compiler
69 //@ will emit a warning. It is hence impossible for us to *forget* handling an error,
70 //@ or to accidentally use a value that doesn't make any sense because there was an
71 //@ error producing it.
75 // We don't care about the particular error, so we ignore it with a `_`.
77 println!("What did I say about numbers?") /*@*/
85 //@ So much for `read_vec`. If there are any questions left, the documentation of the respective
86 //@ function should be very helpful. Try finding the one for `Vec::push`. I will not always provide
87 //@ the links, as the documentation is quite easy to navigate and you should get used to that.
89 // For the rest of the code, we just re-use part 02 by importing it with `use`.
90 //@ I already sneaked a bunch of `pub` in part 02 to make this possible: Only
91 //@ items declared public can be imported elsewhere.
92 use part02::{SomethingOrNothing,Something,Nothing,vec_min};
94 // If you update your `main.rs` to use part 03, `cargo run` should now ask you for some numbers,
95 // and tell you the minimum. Neat, isn't it?
98 let min = vec_min(vec); /*@*/
102 // **Exercise 03.1**: Define a trait `Print` to write a generic version of
103 // `SomethingOrNothing::print`.
104 // Implement that trait for `i32`, and change `main` above to use the new generic `print` function.
105 // I will again provide a skeleton for this solution. It also shows how to attach bounds to generic
106 // implementations (just compare it to the `impl` block from the previous exercise).
107 // You can read this as "For all types `T` satisfying the `Print` trait, I provide an implementation
108 // for `SomethingOrNothing<T>`".
110 // Notice that I called the function on `SomethingOrNothing` `print2` to disambiguate from the
111 // `print` defined previously.
113 // *Hint*: There is a macro `print!` for printing without appending a newline.
115 /* Add things here */
117 impl<T: Print> SomethingOrNothing<T> {
123 // **Exercise 03.2**: Building on exercise 02.2, implement all the things you need on `f32` to make
124 // your program work with floating-point numbers.
126 //@ [index](main.html) | [previous](part02.html) | [raw source](workspace/src/part03.rs) |
127 //@ [next](part04.html)