1 // Rust-101, Part 00: Algebraic datatypes
2 // ======================================
4 // As our first piece of Rust code, we want to write a function that computes the
8 // Let us start by thinking about the *type* of our function. Rust forces us to give the types of
9 // all arguments, and the return type, before we even start writing the body. In the case of our minimum
10 // function, we may be inclined to say that it returns a number. But then we would be in trouble: What's
11 // the minimum of an empty list? The type of the function says we have to return *something*.
12 // We could just choose 0, but that would be kind of arbitrary. What we need
13 // is a type that is "a number, or nothing". Such a type (of multiple exclusive options)
14 // is called an "algebraic datatype", and Rust lets us define such types with the keyword `enum`.
15 // Coming from C(++), you can think of such a type as a `union`, together with a field that
16 // stores the variant of the union that's currently used.
18 // An `enum` for "a number or nothing" could look as follows:
19 enum NumberOrNothing {
23 // Notice that `i32` is the type of (signed, 32-bit) integers. To write down the type of
24 // the minimum function, we need just one more ingredient: `Vec<i32>` is the type of
25 // (growable) arrays of numbers, and we will use that as our list type.
27 // Observe how in Rust, the return type comes *after* the arguments.
28 fn vec_min(vec: Vec<i32>) -> NumberOrNothing {
29 // In the function, we first need some variable to store the minimum as computed so far.
30 // Since we start out with nothing computed, this will again be a
31 // "number or nothing":
32 let mut min = NumberOrNothing::Nothing;
33 // We do not have to write a type next to `min`, Rust can figure that out automatically
34 // (a bit like `auto` in C++11). Also notice the `mut`: In Rust, variables are
35 // immutable per default, and you need to tell Rust if you want
36 // to change a variable later.
38 // Now we want to *iterate* over the list. Rust has some nice syntax for
41 // So `el` is al element of the list. We need to update `min` accordingly, but how do we get the current
42 // number in there? This is what pattern matching can do:
44 // In this case (*arm*) of the `match`, `min` is currently nothing, so let's just make it the number `el`.
45 NumberOrNothing::Nothing => {
46 min = NumberOrNothing::Number(el);
48 // In this arm, `min` is currently the number `n`, so let's compute the new minimum and store it. We will write
49 // the function `min_i32` just after we completed this one.
50 NumberOrNothing::Number(n) => {
51 let new_min = min_i32(n, el);
52 min = NumberOrNothing::Number(new_min);
56 // Finally, we return the result of the computation.
60 // Now that we reduced the problem to computing the minimum of two integers, let's do that.
61 fn min_i32(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
69 // Phew. We wrote our first Rust function! But all this `NumberOrNothing::` is getting kind of
70 // ugly. Can't we do that nicer?
72 // Indeed, we can: The following line tells Rust to take
73 // the constructors of `NumberOrNothing` into the local namespace.
74 // Try moving that above the function, and removing all the occurrences `NumberOrNothing::`.
75 use self::NumberOrNothing::{Number,Nothing};
77 // To call this function, we now just need a list. Of course, ultimately we want to ask the user for
78 // a list of numbers, but for now, let's just hard-code something.
80 // `vec!` is a *macro* (as you can tell from the `!`) that constructs a constant `Vec<_>` with the given
82 fn read_vec() -> Vec<i32> {
86 // Finally, let's call our functions and run the code!
87 // But, wait, we would like to actually see something, so we need to print the result.
88 // Of course Rust can print numbers, but after calling `vec_min`, we have a `NumberOrNothing`.
89 // So let's write a small helper function that prints such values.
91 // `println!` is again a macro, where the first argument is a *format string*. For
92 // now, you just need to know that `{}` is the placeholder for a value, and that Rust
93 // will check at compile-time that you supplied the right number of arguments.
94 fn print_number_or_nothing(n: NumberOrNothing) {
96 Nothing => println!("The number is: <nothing>"),
97 Number(n) => println!("The number is: {}", n),
101 // Putting it all together:
103 let vec = read_vec();
104 let min = vec_min(vec);
105 print_number_or_nothing(min);
108 // Now try `cargo run` on the console to run above code.
110 // Yay, it said "1"! That's actually the right answer. Okay, we could have
111 // computed that ourselves, but that's besides the point. More importantly:
112 // You completed the first part of the course.
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