X-Git-Url: https://git.ralfj.de/rust-101.git/blobdiff_plain/35c4d2161ea07cfbb4085d7e5242ab9939889afa..a0585e3d40ed28824c711c5bc4d89b89ebc79a84:/src/part00.rs?ds=sidebyside diff --git a/src/part00.rs b/src/part00.rs index 2bc40d9..eaed3d7 100644 --- a/src/part00.rs +++ b/src/part00.rs @@ -5,11 +5,12 @@ // minimum of a list. //@ ## Getting started + //@ Let us start by thinking about the *type* of our function. Rust forces us to give the types of -//@ all arguments, and the return type, before we even start writing the body. In the case of our minimum -//@ function, we may be inclined to say that it returns a number. But then we would be in trouble: What's -//@ the minimum of an empty list? The type of the function says we have to return *something*. -//@ We could just choose 0, but that would be kind of arbitrary. What we need +//@ all arguments, and the return type, before we even start writing the body. In the case of our +//@ minimum function, we may be inclined to say that it returns a number. But then we would be in +//@ trouble: What's the minimum of an empty list? The type of the function says we have to return +//@ *something*. We could just choose 0, but that would be kind of arbitrary. What we need //@ is a type that is "a number, or nothing". Such a type (of multiple exclusive options) //@ is called an "algebraic datatype", and Rust lets us define such types with the keyword `enum`. //@ Coming from C(++), you can think of such a type as a `union`, together with a field that @@ -35,23 +36,26 @@ fn vec_min(vec: Vec) -> NumberOrNothing { //@ immutable per default, and you need to tell Rust if you want //@ to change a variable later. - // Now we want to *iterate* over the list. Rust has some nice syntax for - // iterators: + // Now we want to *iterate* over the list. Rust has some nice syntax for iterators: for el in vec { - // So `el` is al element of the list. We need to update `min` accordingly, but how do we get the current - // number in there? This is what pattern matching can do: + // So `el` is an element of the list. We need to update `min` accordingly, but how do we + // get the current number in there? This is what pattern matching can do: match min { - // In this case (*arm*) of the `match`, `min` is currently nothing, so let's just make it the number `el`. + // In this case (*arm*) of the `match`, `min` is currently nothing, so let's just make + // it the number `el`. NumberOrNothing::Nothing => { min = NumberOrNothing::Number(el); /*@*/ }, - // In this arm, `min` is currently the number `n`, so let's compute the new minimum and store it. We will write - // the function `min_i32` just after we completed this one. + // In this arm, `min` is currently the number `n`, so let's compute the new minimum and + // store it. + //@ We will write the function `min_i32` just after we completed this one. NumberOrNothing::Number(n) => { let new_min = min_i32(n, el); /*@*/ min = NumberOrNothing::Number(new_min); /*@*/ } } + //@ Notice that Rust makes sure you did not forget to handle any case in your `match`. We + //@ say that the pattern matching has to be *exhaustive*. } // Finally, we return the result of the computation. return min; @@ -71,31 +75,30 @@ fn min_i32(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 { // Indeed, we can: The following line tells Rust to take // the constructors of `NumberOrNothing` into the local namespace. -// Try moving that above the function, and removing all the occurrences `NumberOrNothing::`. +// Try moving that above the function, and removing all the occurrences of `NumberOrNothing::`. use self::NumberOrNothing::{Number,Nothing}; // To call this function, we now just need a list. Of course, ultimately we want to ask the user for // a list of numbers, but for now, let's just hard-code something. -// `vec!` is a *macro* (as you can tell from the `!`) that constructs a constant `Vec<_>` with the given -// elements. +//@ `vec!` is a *macro* (as indicated by `!`) that constructs a constant `Vec<_>` with the given +//@ elements. fn read_vec() -> Vec { - vec![18,5,7,1,9,27] + vec![18,5,7,1,9,27] /*@*/ } -// Finally, let's call our functions and run the code! -// But, wait, we would like to actually see something, so we need to print the result. -// Of course Rust can print numbers, but after calling `vec_min`, we have a `NumberOrNothing`. -// So let's write a small helper function that prints such values. +// Of course, we would also like to actually see the result of the computation, so we need to print the result. +//@ Of course Rust can print numbers, but after calling `vec_min`, we have a `NumberOrNothing`. +//@ So let's write a small helper function that prints such values. //@ `println!` is again a macro, where the first argument is a *format string*. For //@ now, you just need to know that `{}` is the placeholder for a value, and that Rust //@ will check at compile-time that you supplied the right number of arguments. fn print_number_or_nothing(n: NumberOrNothing) { - match n { - Nothing => println!("The number is: "), - Number(n) => println!("The number is: {}", n), - }; + match n { /*@*/ + Nothing => println!("The number is: "), /*@*/ + Number(n) => println!("The number is: {}", n), /*@*/ + }; /*@*/ } // Putting it all together: @@ -105,10 +108,12 @@ pub fn main() { print_number_or_nothing(min); } -// Now try `cargo run` on the console to run above code. +//@ You can now use `cargo build` to compile your *crate*. That's Rust's name for a *compilation unit*, which in +//@ the case of Rust means an application or a library.
+// Finally, try `cargo run` on the console to run it. //@ Yay, it said "1"! That's actually the right answer. Okay, we could have -//@ computed that ourselves, but that's besides the point. More importantly: +//@ computed that ourselves, but that's beside the point. More importantly: //@ You completed the first part of the course. -// [index](main.html) | previous | [next](part01.html) +//@ [index](main.html) | previous | [raw source](workspace/src/part00.rs) | [next](part01.html)